Fig. 13

The number of algorithms capable of addressing diverse challenges. ‘Yes’ represents the number of algorithms (IDPAs) that can address a particular challenge and ‘No’ represents the number of algorithms that cannot address the challenge. ‘UBP’ stands for ‘Challenge 1: unbounded patterns vs. time lags between activities’. ‘DNS’ stands for ‘Data non-stationarity’. ‘IN’ stands for ‘individuality’. ‘HD’ stands for ‘high dimensionality’. ‘IE’ stands for ‘interaction effects’. ‘CA’ stands for ‘Collusion Attacks’. ‘FA’ stands for ‘False Alarms’. ‘CI’ stands for ‘Class Imbalance problems and undetected insider attacks’ and ‘UN’ stands for ‘Uncertainty’